Component of CPU
Central Processing Unit (CPU): Parts, Definition & Function:-
The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of your computer. It handles all the instructions you give your computer, and the faster it does this, the better. Learn about how a CPU processes instructions and how computer engineers are continuously coming up with ways to make it go faster.
Introduction
So you're shopping for a new computer in an electronics store and you're trying to make sense of the technical specifications. One computer that looks pretty cool has a 64-bit quad-core Intel i7 3.5 GHz processor. Sounds impressive, but what does it really mean?
The last computer you bought a few years ago had a sticker on it that said Pentium 4, but you don't remember the details. The computer was getting sort of slow, but why would you need a 64-bit quad-core? Why exactly is this better than the processor in your old computer? To understand what the specifications mean, we first have to look at how the processor is designed and how it functions.
Definitions
The central processing unit (CPU) of a computer is a piece of hardware that carries out the instructions of a computer program. It performs the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of a computer system. The CPU is like the brains of the computer - every instruction, no matter how simple, has to go through the CPU. So let's say you press the letter 'k' on your keyboard and it appears on the screen - the CPU of your computer is what makes this possible. The CPU is sometimes also referred to as the central processor unit, or processor for short. So when you are looking at the specifications of a computer at your local electronics store, it typically refers to the CPU as the processor.
When we start to look at the various components of a CPU and how they function, remember that this is all about speed. When we use a computer, we want the instructions to be carried out very fast. As the instructions become more complicated (for example, creating a 3D animation or editing a video file), we demand more from the CPU. Thus, the technological advances we have seen in processor technology have largely been driven by the need for speed.
Computer Hardware-
Computer
hardware includes the physical parts or components of a computer, such as the
central processing unit, monitor, keyboard, computer data storage, graphic
card sound card speakers and
motherboard. By contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run
by hardware. Hardware is so-termed because it is "hard" or rigid with
respect to changes or modifications; whereas software is "soft"
because it can be easily updated or changed. Intermediate between software and
hardware is "firmware", which is software that is strongly coupled to
the particular hardware of a computer system and thus the most difficult to
change but also among the most stable with respect to consistency of interface.
1) Mother Board:-
A motherboard is
one of the most essential parts of a computer system. It holds together many of
the crucial components of a computer, including the central processing unit
(CPU), memory and connectors for input and output devices. The base of a
motherboard consists of a very firm sheet of non-conductive material, typically
some sort of rigid plastic. Thin layers of copper or aluminum foil, referred to
as traces, are printed onto this
sheet. These traces are very narrow and form the circuits between the various
components. In addition to circuits, a motherboard contains a number of sockets
and slots to connect the other components.
Different Parts Of Motherboard-
i) Input/output
Ports
ii) BIOS:
iii) CPU
Socket
iv) RAM (Memory)
Slots
v) Expansion
Card Slots
vi) Storage
Device Connectors
vii) Power
Connectors
viii) IDE
connector
ix) SATA
connector
x) Co-Processor
xi) Cabinet
connections
i)
Input/output Ports-
Generally, input
and output ports are placed at the very side (back) of computer chassis. In
particular, the I/O ports is built to connect the monitor, speakers, a
microphone, an Ethernet networking cable and multiple USB devices. At the same
time, sometimes you can see the connection with the legacy devices. For
example, parallel ports which work with the older printers.
ii)
BIOS:-
BIOS is the short form of “Basic Input Output System.” BIOS is the
components of Motherboard, and it is positioned as the Integrated Chip.
Important to realize, BIOS contains all the information and settings of the
motherboard, and you can update or modify the setting from the BIOS mode.
a)
CMOS Battery:-
“Complementary
Metal Oxide Semi-Conductor” is
abbreviated as CMOS. It is a battery or cell
which is featured with 3.0 Volts lithium type cell. The work of CMOS Battery is
– it helps to store or keep the information in the BIOS mode.
iii) CPU
Socket-
CPU socket helps to install
the processor into the Motherboard. That means the CPU connects to the socket
for connecting to the motherboard. On the bottom of the motherboard, the socket
carries hundreds of metal connectors for the metal pins or balls. It helps to
supply the power to the processor. At the same time, it transports the data
among the other parts/components of the computer. You can’t update the computer’s
processor without being the same socket types
iv) RAM
(Memory) Slots-
For installing RAM modules, a motherboard may
have more than one slots, and it is positioned
near the CPU socket. In general, RAM is most
needed parts of the motherboard and it refers
to Random
Access Memory. It is the temporary memory of the computer, but it helps to
run the
applications and opening the files.
Particularly, if the processors have a large amount of RAM, it
can operate the computer more smoothly and
surely it helps to increase the performance of the
computer.
v)
Expansion Card Slots-
When we need to add new
components to the motherboard or if you want to update any parts of the
motherboard, a motherboard’s expansion card slots allow you do that. An
expansion card slots help to add external devices to display. For example, a
video card needs to connect to the monitor to display the video or 3D or
rendering the graphics. Here, expansion card slots can do it. For this reason,
it is positioned on the line of the back side of the motherboard.
a) ISA slots: There
slots of the expansion card slots are the oldest slots on the motherboard. The display and sound card were
installed in this card slots and it was positioned on the AT board. It was in a
16-bit bus and identified by black color. ISA is the short form of “Industry Standard Architecture”
b) PCI Slots: PCI Slots is the short form of “Peripheral Component Interconnect.” It is the most familiar and latest components of the motherboard and it is
used to install add-on card on the motherboard. The PCI Slots
supports the high-speed 64-bit bus.
c) PCI Express: PCI Express which supports the full-duplex serial bus and it is also
known as PCIe. It is one of the
fastest and most uses components ad place add-on card on the motherboard.
d) AGP slot:
AGP which is the short form
of “Accelerated graphics port”. It is
used to install
the latest graphics card.
For installing high-end gaming display cards it can be run on both PCIe and
AGP. At the same time, it can be run on the 32-bit bus.
vi)
Storage Device Connectors-
A computer needs some other
types of storage devices to store the data or performing efficiently including
hard drives, optical drives, and floppy drives. As it needs to connect to the
motherboard, here has the
cable which is compatible with the motherboard to transfer the data. In the
motherboard, you will find at least two storage device connectors to fulfill
the needs of storage components on the computer.
vii)
Power Connectors-
A Motherboard needs the
power to keep running and it gets the power from SMPS. There are connectors to
keep the process going on.
a) AT connector: It is one of the connectors which is found on the oldest motherboard
and it has 2 number of 6 pin male
connectors to make the supplying process.
b) ATX connector: These types of the connector is found on the latest forms of the motherboard. It consists 20 or 24 pin
female connectors and it is considered as the latest power connectors.
viii) IDE
connector-
IDE is the short form of “Integrated
Drive Electronics” and it is used to connect the disk drives including floppy
disk drives and HDD (Hard Disk Drives). Here you will find 40-pin male
connector that connects HDD. At the same time, the 34-pin male connector that
connects the FDD.
ix) SATA
connector-
SATA is the abbreviation of “Serial
Advanced Technology Attachment.” Important to realize, it is the latest
connectors with 7-pin interface. It is used to connect the SATA hard disks or
optical drives. It is faster and better than the IDE Connector.
x)
Co-Processor-
One of vital parts or
components of the motherboard is Co-Processors. It is used to perform
mathematical calculations and computer graphics with the main processors.
xi)
Cabinet connections-
It is the place where the
motherboard is installed. It contains many buttons to connect the cabinet with
the motherboard. Mostly used cabinet connectors are Power Switch, Reset Switch,
Front USB, Front Audio, Power indicator(LED) and HDD LED.
2) RAM(Random Access Memory)-
RAM (Random Access Memory) is
the hardware in a computing device where the operating system (OS), application
programs and data in current use are kept so they can
be quickly reached by the
device's processor. RAM is the main memory in a computer, and it is much faster
to read from and write to than other kinds of storage, such as a hard disk
drive (HDD), solid-state drive (SSD) or optical drive.
Random Access Memory is
volatile. That means data is retained in RAM as long as the computer is on, but
it is lost when the computer is turned off. When the computer is rebooted, the
OS and other files are reloaded into RAM, usually from an HDD or SSD
3) CPU (Processor)-
A Computer processor is the
logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that
drive a computer. The four primary
function of a processor are fetch, decode,
execute and write back.
a)
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which carries out arithmetic and
logic operations on the operands in instructions.
b)
The floating point unit (FPU), also known as a math coprocessor or
numeric coprocessor, a specialized cop[rocessor that manipulates numbers more
quickly than the basic microprocessor circuitry can.
c)
Registers, which hold instructions and other data. Registers supply
operands to the ALU and store the results of operations.
d)
L1 and L2 cache . Their inclusion in the CPU saves time compared to
having to get data from random access memory RAM.
 |
| Processor |
4) SMPS( Switched-Mode Power Supply)-
Switched-Mode Power Supply, SMPS is a power supply that uses
a switching regulator to control and
stabilize the output voltage by switching the load current on and off. These
power supplies offer a greater power conversion and reduce the overall power
loss.
SMPS( Switched-Mode Power Supply)
5) HDD(Hard Disk Drive)-
A hard disk
drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive, or fixed disk, is an electromechanical data
storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital
information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated
with magnetic material. The platters are paired with magnetic heads, usually
arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter
surfaces. Data is accessed in a random-access manner, meaning that
HDDs are a type of non-volatile storage,
retaining stored data even when powered off.
 |
| HDD(Hard Disk Drive) |
6) CD-ROM drive-
It is also
called a CD-ROM player, it is a
device that can read information from a CD-ROM. CD-ROM drives can be either
internal, in which case they fit in a bay, or external, in which case they
generally connect to the computer's SCSI interface or parallel port. Parallel
CD-ROM players are easier to install, but they have several disadvantages:
They're somewhat more expensive than internal players, they use up the parallel
port which means that you can't use that port for another device such as a
printer, and the parallel port itself may not be fast enough to handle all the
data pouring through it.
CD-ROM players
are generally classified as single-speed or some multiple of single-speed. For
example, a 4X player access data at
four times the speed of a single-speed player. Within these groups, however,
there is some variation. Also, you need to be aware of whether the CD-ROM uses
the CLV or CAV technology. The reported speeds of players that use CAV are
generally not accurate because they refer only to the access speed for outer
tracks. Inner tracks are accessed more slowly.
CD-ROM drive
7) FDD(Floppy Disk Drive) –
A floppy disk
drive (FDD), or floppy drive, is a hardware device that reads data storage
information. It was invented in 1967 by a team at IBM and was one of the first
types of hardware storage that could read/write a portable device. FDDs are
used for reading and writing on removable floppy discs. Floppy disks are now
outdated, and have been replaced by other storage devices such as USB and
network file transfer.
FDD(Floppy Disk Drive)
8)
AGP(Accelerated Graphics Port)-
Accelerated Graphics Port, AGP is an advanced port designed for video cards and 3D
accelerators. Developed by Intel and introduced in August 1997, AGP introduces
a dedicated point-to-point channel that allows the graphics controller direct
access to the system memory. Below is an illustration of what the AGP slot may
look like on your motherboard.
The AGP channel is 32-bits wide and runs at 66
MHz, which is a total bandwidth of 266 MBps
and much greater than the PCI bandwidth of up
to 133 MBps. AGP also supports two optional
faster modes, with a
throughput of 533 MBps and 1.07 GBps. It also allows 3-D textures to be stored
in main memory rather than video memory.
AGP is available in three
different versions, the original AGP version mentioned above, AGP 2.0 that was
introduced in May 1998, and AGP 3.0 (AGP 8x) that was introduced in November
2000. AGP 2.0 added 4x signaling and was capable of operating at 1.5V, and AGP
3.0 was capable of double the transfer speeds.
AGP(Accelerated Graphics Port)
9)
CPU Heat Sink And Fan(HSF)-
Stands for
"Heat Sink and Fan." Nearly all computers have heat sinks, which help
keep the CPU cool and prevent it from overheating. But sometimes the heat sink
itself can become too hot. This can happen if the CPU is running at full capacity
for an extended period of time or if the air surrounding the computer is simply
too hot.
Therefore, a fan
is often used in combination with the heat sink to keep both the CPU and heat
sink at an acceptable temperature. This combination is creatively called a
"heat sink and fan," or HSF. The fan moves cool air across the heat
sink, pushing hot air away from the computer. Each CPU has a thermometer built
in that keeps track of the processor's temperature. If the temperature becomes
to hot, the fan or fans near the CPU may speed up to help cool the processor
and heat sink.
CPU Heat Sink And Fan(HSF)
10) LAN (Local Area Network) Card-
Local area
network is a network type which links two computers in connection. To enable
the connection between computer networks LAN card is required. LAN card is a
piece of hardware which is connected inside the linking the computer network
using the MAC address for network to work. ways by which create physical
connection they are: OSI layer 1 i.e. physical layer and OSI layer 2 i.e. Data
link layer. By using special types of WLAN card it allows the computer to
connect using cables and wirelessly. As in increasing technology wireless type
is much preferable for that LAN card is required. Internal working of LAN card
is like: A computer with the wireless LAN card transmit and receive data via
radio waves using spread-spectrum technology. It is available is four basic
types followed by a, b and g. Sort of LAN card used having some typical
features of a network card which includes twisted pair. It is designed to used
rate transfer to be ranging from 10 to 1000 megabits/sec.
·
LAN
(Local Area Network) Card,
·
Ethernet
card
·
E-networking
card
·
NIC
(Network Interface Controller)
All above are names of a
communication port on a computer where your wired internet connection usually
goes in.
LAN (Local Area Network) Card
11) Cabinet-
A computer cabinet is an
enclosure with fitted, fixed or removable side panels and doors. The cabinet
contains a computer rack for mounting computers or other electronic equipment.
Cabinets come in a variety of sizes, colors and styles and may contain baffles
and fans to facilitate cooling and minimize recycled and bypass airflow.
Cabinet
11) Computer screws-
A screw
is a small metal post with threads going down around it. On the end of the post
is a
head with different types of indentations,
depending on the screw it is. A screwdriver tool is
used to insert and remove the screw from the
hole. To insert or tighten a screw rotate it to the
right, to loosen a screw
rotate it to the left. An easy way to remember this is with the saying
"righty tighty lefty loosey".
There are different shapes, sizes, and screws
that you are likely to encounter while working on a computer. In the above
picture is some examples of different screw heads you are most likely to
encounter while working with a computer or computer hardware. Different type of shape
,size of screw------
a) Phillips b) Slotted
c) Torx
d) Hex
Computer screws
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